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发表于 2011-7-8 19:35:23
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank
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Self-sealing fuel tank
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[blockquote][/blockquote]
In aviation, self-sealing fuel tank is a fuel tank technology in wide use since World War II that prevents fuel tanks primarily on aircraft from leaking fuel and igniting after being damaged by enemy fire.
Self-sealing tanks have two layers of rubber, one of vulcanized rubber and one of untreated rubber that can absorb oil and expand when wet. When a fuel tank is punctured, the fuel will spill on to the layers, causing the swelling of the untreated layer, thus sealing the puncture.
World War I
George J. Murdock applied for the patent "War Aeroplane Fuel Tanks" on February 7, 1917 but was temporarily blocked by an order of the Federal Trade Commission, signed by Secretary Leonidas L. Bracken on February 6, 1918, to keep any discussion or publication of the invention secret. This order was in conformity with the provisions of the Trading with the Enemy Act and of the Executive Order of October 12, 1917. Violation of the order entailed a fine of up to $10,000 or imprisonment of 10 years or both. The order was rescinded by the United States Patent Office on September 26, 1918. Murdock was eventually granted United States Patent 1,386,791 "Self-Puncture Sealing Covering for Fuel-Containers" on August 9, 1921. Military aircraft built by the Glenn L. Martin Company used this self-sealing fuel tank.
[blockquote][edit][/blockquote]World War II
In the newer generations of pre-war and early-war aircraft, self-sealing tanks were tanks used to minimize the potential damage from leaking or burning fuel. A conventional fuel tank, when hit by enemy fire, could leak fuel rapidly; this would not only reduce the aircraft's effective range, but was also a significant fire hazard. Damaged fuel tanks could also rupture, destroying the airframe or critically affecting flight characteristics.
It was realised early on that it was not practical for weight reasons to add armour plate to aero fuel tanks, hence a way of stopping fuel leaking from damaged tanks was necessary.
Early attempts at protecting fuel tanks consisted of using metal tanks, covered inside or outside by a material that expanded after being pierced. Research revealed that the exit of the projectile, rather than the entry, was the greater problem, as it often tumbled, thus creating a large exit hole. Among the earliest versions of these types of tanks were those manufactured in the United Kingdom at Portsmouth airport by Fireproof Tanks Ltd. These tanks were first installed in the Fairey Battle with other versions installed in Supermarine Spitfires, Hawker Hurricanes and larger aircraft such as the Avro Lancaster. The Henderson Safety Tank company provided crash-proof self-sealing tanks for the Miles Master trainer.[sup][1][/sup]
The Germans were using layers of rubber laid over leather hide with a treated fibre inner surface for the self-sealing tanks on their Ju-88 bombers early in the war.[sup][2][/sup]
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| | Manufacture of self-sealing gas tanks at Goodyear (1941) |
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In the US, Goodyear chemist James Merrill was awarded a patent in 1941 for refining and successfully testing his method for manufacturing self-sealing tanks using a two-layer system of rubber compounds encased in a metal outer shell or the wing lining of the aircraft.[sup][3][/sup] In 1942, he received a War Production Board citation from President Roosevelt and the Goodyear tanks were subsequently placed in service in Goodyear-produced Corsair fighters, as well as other aircraft. By 1942 Fireproof Tanks had developed the first flexible fuel bladders as range extender tanks for the MkIX Spitfire. These tanks were flexible containers, made of a laminated self-sealing material like vulcanized rubber and with as few seams as possible to minimise leak paths.
As early tests showed that impact could overpressurize a fuel tank, the self-sealing fuel cell is suspended, allowing it to absorb shocks without rupture.U.S. Navy fuel tanks during the war were able to withstand .50 caliber (12.7 mm) bullets and, on occasion, 20 mm cannon shells.
Not all fighters were fitted with the relatively new invention; self-sealing tanks tended to be heavier with lower capacity than non-sealed tanks. Nonetheless, aircraft that were fitted with self-sealing tanks regularly took more punishment than those without. Combat experience in the Pacific showed that the heavily protected American aircraft could sustain far more damage than the lightly armored Japanese designs without self-sealing fuel tanks (for instance, the Mitsubishi Zero).
The same principles were applied to give self-sealing fuel lines in aircraft (MIL-PRF-7061C).
[blockquote][edit][/blockquote]Modern use
Most jet fighters and all US military rotary wing aircraft have some type of self-sealing tanks. Military rotary wing fuel tanks have the additional feature of being crashworthy.[sup][4] High altitudes require the tanks to be pressurized, making self-sealing difficult. Newer technologies have brought advances like inert foam-filled tanks to prevent detonation. This foam is an open cell foam that effectively divides the gas space above the remaining fuel into thousands of small spaces; none of which contain sufficient vapour to support combustion. This foam also serves to reduce fuel slosh. Major manufacturers of this technology include Amfuel (Zodiac) (formerly Firestone), Engineered Fabrics Corp. (Meggitt) (formerly Goodyear), GKN USA and FPT Industries. For military use, tanks are qualified to MIL-DTL-27422 (includes crashworthiness requirements) and MIL-DTL-5578.
In additions to fighter aircraft some military patrol vehicles and armoured limousines for VIP use also feature self-sealing fuel tanks.
Self-sealing fuel tanks using military technology are also required in some motorsport categories.
自封油箱
从维基百科,自由的百科全书
在第二次世界大战以后,航空届自封油箱是一广泛地应用的油箱制造技术，防止由于被敌人的炮弹点燃的油料泄露导致的燃烧爆炸。
自封油箱具有两层橡胶, 一层是被硫化处理的橡胶、一层未经处理的橡胶, 未经处理的橡胶可以吸收油料和潮湿是会自然膨胀。当油箱被击穿时,燃料会渗透到橡胶层,导致橡胶膨胀而密封,从而堵住击穿处的弹孔。
[隐藏]内容
第一次世界大战1
2第二次世界大战
3现代使用
4笔记
参考文献5
6外部链接
第一次世界大战(编辑)
乔治j . Murdock申请专利的“战争飞机油箱”,1917年2月7日,但暂时被一份联邦贸易委员会,签署秘书列奥尼达l布莱登在1918年2月6日,免得讨论或出版的发明的秘密。本订单符合本法规定的与敌人的交易行为及行政命令的1917年10月12日。违反秩序带来高达10000美元的罚款或监禁10年或两者兼而有之。订单取消农业税以美国专利局9月26日,1918。Murdock终于获得美国专利1386791”Self-Puncture密封涵盖Fuel-Containers”1921年8月9日。军用飞机格伦·l·马丁建造的公司使用该自燃料箱。
第二次世界大战(编辑)
在新近的一代又一代的战前和early-war飞机,自封油箱被用来减少油箱造成潜在的泄漏或燃油从。传统的油箱,当受到敌人的打击,可能会渗漏燃料迅速,这将不仅能降低飞机的有效范围,但也是一个重大火灾隐患。油箱也可能破裂损坏,破坏机体影响或批判的飞行特性。
这是意识到在早期,这不是实际重量增加装甲钢板原因航空燃油,于是一个办法能阻止燃料泄漏从损坏的油箱是必要的。
早期尝试保护油箱由用金属油箱、覆盖材料的内部或外部扩张被刺穿后。研究表明,弹丸的出口,而不是入口,是更大的问题,因为它经常弄乱了,因此创造了一个大型出口洞。最早版本的这些类型的油箱被那些制造在英国朴茨茅斯防火油箱机场公司。这些油箱首次安装了与其他版本的仙境中的战斗安装在Supermarine Spitfires、小贩飓风和宽体客机如Avro兰开斯特。汉德森的安全公司提供了crash-proof油箱的英里油箱自[1]主人的教练。
德军使用层的橡胶作了一个治疗与皮革隐藏纤维内表面上的自Ju-油箱88架轰炸机早在多年前的战争。[2]
自封油箱在制造气体固特异(1941)
在美国,固特异化学家詹姆斯美林被授予专利在1941年成功地测试方法精制而成,生产自封油箱使用导致了一个双层结构的橡胶化合物外包的金属外壳或翼衬飞机。[3],在1942年,他收到了来自战时生产委员会嘉奖罗斯福总统和固特异油箱随后被放置在服务Corsair Goodyear-produced战士,以及其他的飞机。到1942年防火油箱已经研制出第一台灵活燃料膀胱的扩油箱作为范围MkIX架喷火飞机。这些油箱被灵活的容器,由复合材料如自促进加硫橡胶、很少接缝尽可能减少泄漏的路径。
作为早期的实验表明,影响一个油箱可以overpressurize燃料电池,自悬浮、允许它吸收震动而不断裂。美国海军油箱战争期间能够承受(12.7毫米)口径子弹,有时20毫米加农炮弹丸。
并不是所有的战士都装了相对较新的发明,自封油箱往往是重了一点比non-sealed能力低的油箱。然而,飞机和自拟油箱定期服用更多的惩罚要比那些不。在太平洋战争经验表明,严重的保护美国飞机都能维持更多的损害比轻装甲没有自日本设计油箱(例如,日本三菱零)。
同样的原理应用于飞机燃油管路给自7061 c(mil -PRF-)。
现代使用[编辑)
大多数喷气式战斗机和所有美军扶轮翼飞机有某种类型的自封油箱。直升机翼油箱军事具有的另一个特征是crashworthy。[4]高海拔要求油箱被加压,使自困难。新技术带来了进步的油箱,防止像惰性的泡沫爆震。这是一个开放的泡沫细胞泡沫,有效清除分以上的剩余燃料气体空间到成千上万的小空间,没有任何一个包含足够的蒸汽来支持燃烧。这个泡沫也可以用来减少燃料往上。该技术的主要制造商(包括Amfuel黄道十二宫)(原Firestone面料),工程公司。(Meggitt)(原固特异),GKN美国和FPT行业。用于军事,油箱,符合mil -DTL- 27422(包括碰撞安全性要求)和mil -DTL- 5578。
此外,一些军事战斗机巡逻和装甲车辆车也有独特的自贵宾使用的油箱。
油箱用自军事技术也需要在一些赛车的类别。
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